Abstract
The paper is based on the analy-sis of the current situation of mine environmentin China.In view of the different mine environ-mental problems,delaminating probes into themine environment treatment technology charac-teristics and applicability,and put forward thecorresponding countermeasures.
Keywords-mine environmental treatment;treatment technology;control strategy
China is a rich mineral resources country,with a long histo-ry of the mining.According to statistics,there are about 95 per-cent of primary energy,80 percent of industrial raw materials,most of the agricultural production material were from the min-eral resources[1.Mineral resources play a vital role in economicdevelopment,as the development of mineral resources,the envi-ronmental problems are becoming more and more outstandingand the most important restraining factor to influence the localeconomic development and social stability,According to thenature of the problcm,the cnvironmcntal problcm can bc divid-od into:thc thrce wastcs,land dcformation,thc contradictionsamong minc drainagc,watcr supply and the ccological cnviron-ment,dcscrtification and watcr loss and soil crosion[2].
I.the major environmental problems of mine
A.land dcstruction by mining coal rcsourccs
land dcstruction by strip mining:thcrc are morc than1500 of the main strip mining.The strip mining arca arc verylarge,the average floor space of a large strip mining is180000~200000m2,the floor space of the small minesis tens ofthousands square meter.Strip mining need to divest theamount of surface soil,these destroy the stabilization of the soiland vegetation,result in the water loss and soil erosion,andform the the mining desertification phenomena of desert land,bare and barren rock and litter of boulders.
Land destruction by underground mining:Underground miningmainly caused a large area of surface collapse.According to asurvey,the surface collapse of Xu zhou mining office has been52 millon m2,the surface collapse of Huai bei mining ofice hasbeen 55 million m2,and the surface collapse of Kai luan miningoffice has been 60 million m2.The surface collapse result in landin the water,reduction of output in varying degrees and evenuntellable[3].
B.The destruction and impact of water resources by mining
Underground mining must unwatering the deposits in order tothe deposits above u groundwater level.Ore deposit dewateringinevitably results in the underground water level be fell,eventu-ally leads to the water resource depletion in mines and sur-rounding.According to statistics,in our country there is 4.4 bil-lion m3 of the underground water which is exhausted for miningcvery year.
The groundwater which mining influence dircctly is crevicewater of coal mcasurc,bccause coal and water are in the samegeoogy body,in natural conditions,cach one has its own ocur-rence condition and evolution.The local drainag cchanges thenature groundwater flow,destroys the relations among supply,runoff and drainage of the coal aquifer,change the transformingrelationship of precipitation,surfacewater and groundwater,re-sults in falling down the water level of mining area and reducingthe flow of wellspring
C.The mining environment pollution by the three wastes
Owing to great use of explosives,and diesel engine used aspower,the Mining production process nevitably produces agreat deal o toxic and harmful gases which are the form of pri-mary pollution source of air in the mining areas.A lot of dustand toxic substances which produce in the manufacturing pro-cess are also an important factor of mining air pollution.
The mining wastewater in the process of the mine produc-tion are mainly mine water leaching water of waste-rock yardand tailings pool waster water,ctc.Mine waste water contains alot of heavy metal ions,acid and alkali,solid suspended solidsand various mineral processing reagents.Individual mines inwaste water contains radioactive substances.These will be harmto human health and other animals and plants survival.
The harm of solid wastes can be seen most clearly in the land oc-cupation and destruction.According to statistics,China’snon-coal mine discharge waste stone and tailings about 9 mil-lion tons in every year,covering number 10 million m2.Theannual output of about 7000 million gangue tons,covering anarea of about 6667 million m2|4].Mining solid wastes containpoisonous and harmful substances.When long-term piled up inan open area,the substances extremely easy oxidative decompo-sition.These substances in the polluted water and soil can en-danger human body health,influence agricultural production;Mining of solid waste substantial accumulation,often cause en-vironmental geological disasters;Mining solid wastes containsflammable substances such as pyrite,carbon.Because of the airoxidation,the solid wastes can be spontaneous combustion,formed form a toxic or harmfu gases.Releasing many toxic orharmful substances.
D.Mining triggered secondary disasters
The mine environment problems continue to accumulatewill further causes mine secondary geological disasters,such asthe surface subsidence,the subsidence,collapse,landslide anddebris flow,ctc.For mine secondary gcological disaster,the con-trolling factors of hazard-formative factors or inducing factors isnecessarily mining one of environmental problems.Whateverthe geological hazard,allthese would cause different degree ofcasualties and property losses.
II.The mine environment treatment technology
A.Traditional cnginccring control technology
Mining environmental governance widely used traditional engi-nccring control tochnology coming from civil cnginccring andgeological engineering.Such as:civil engineering is the mostcommon foundation treatment technology and gcological cngi-neering in the most widely used slope technology[5].
The main functions of traditional cnginccring managcment tcch-nology are changing or enhancing geological structure,rock-soilbody structure,hydrogcological structure.
The traditional construction technology for the treatment of gov-ernance object can be summarized as unstable geological-mass.
.This mainly aimed at the natural and artificial slope unstabili-ty,underground mining roof riskfalls,shallow ground physico-mcchanical deformation,hydrogcological structure destroyingthe mine environment question.
B.Biological engineering control technology
Corresponding traditional engineering management tech-nology in biological engineering management technology the roleof is not outside structure,and the internal properties.The keyfunction is to change the mine environment suffered severe pol-lution of the rock mass and the chemical composition of water.Bio-engineering technology management object basically is con-taminated severe geological environment carrier,including:mining area within and around contaminated surface and un-derground water,directly or indirectly of polluted in geotechni-cal engineering.Common biological engineering managementtechnology can be divided into phytoremediation technology andmicroorganism remediation,among them,more representativeof biological engineering control technology is the biologicalsuper enrichment technique.
Pollution of soilbioremediation of the most basic repair two dif-ferent ways.One is the phytoremediation,mainly using ultraheavy metal excessive accumulation of plant extract role toremove heavy metals from contaminated soil;The other is micro-bial remediation,its main mechanism for using specific microor-ganism will organic pollutants degradation or into nontoxic sub-stances,object for organic pollution of soil6].At present,the de-velopment of bioremediation technology is from a single pollu-tion fix to the composite pollution repair[7].And the heavy metalpollution of soil ecological restoration of strengthening mea-sures,namely:enhance heavy metals from contaminated soilbioavailability,promote plant for metals uptake and improveplant biomass,etc.
More than the prospects for the development of bioremediationis the ccological restoration tcchnology,biorcmediation is themain component of ecological restoration.
C.Ecological Restoration
Emphasized the adoption of ecological restoration projects to re-store damaged in the process of ccosystem functions,accordingto ecological principles,full recovery of ccological system itselfand ultimatcly to achicve harmony bctwecn man and nature,toreach the population,resources and environmental developmentstrategy objectives.
Ecological restoration technology played a major role is to im-prove and repair constitute the background of the many elements of mine environment.Ecological Restoration managcmentgoal is to restore the mining environment caused by the back-ground composition of rock and mine water make a diffcrence.Focused on environmental degradation associated with themining of soil erosion,desertification,damaged mountain envi-ronmental problems such as the implementation of mine man-agement.
Ecological Restoration of traditional engineering control bythe appropriate technology and biological engincering controltechnology combination.
After a long-term transformation of the mining development,mining and mining serious environmental problems,under thesuccession rules in the natural environment is fully recoveredbefore the transformation state of the environment childrenalmost impossible.Mine the significance of environmental resto-ration through the exercise of human intervention is to changethe trend of mine environment,termination and reverse theworsening trend of mining environment.
Treatment technology of mine environmental comparison seetable 1.
D.Applicability study of treatment technology on mine environ-
ment
The different treatment technologies have their respectivecharacteristics and applicabilities.Generally,the appropriatetreatment technology should be adopted according to the cur-rent situation of mine environment.
There are two different modes of the land destruction causedby the exploitation of mineral resources:one is machinery,theother is chemical pollution.Based on the different characteris-tics of the destroyed land,traditional treatment technology andbioengineering technology can be respectively applied.
In view of the water resources destruction,there are two damagestatuses:the change of water volume and aquifer structure;thepollution of water body.Same as above,traditional trcatmcnttechnology and bioengineering technology can also be respec-tivcly applicd.
The mine secondary geological disaster has the characteris-tic of the high risk and dangerousness,which treatment ismainly depended on the traditional technology,sometimesshould be combined with the ccological restoration.The ccologi-cal restoration technology may be more suitably used in thetreatment of the destruction of landscape and ccology.(see Table2)
Ⅲ.The Countermeasures for mine environment
The government departments should establish the strictTABLE1.TDEATMSIT TCBLCTeo SDNE BDCSBNTAL COLBPAESSCELRTA.Perfect laws,regulations and supervision system
laws and regulations system of mining industry to constraint thepollution of ecological environment actions.At present,there area lot of
mine environmental remediation.Sowe should perfect the multi-level legal system,standard the rights and duties of government,enterprises and individuals in order to make the mining and en-vironmental protection have the law to obey.Furthermore,wewould promote the regulation ability,especially establish super-vision committee in the exploitation enterprisesto promote har-monious development of mining and environmental protection.
B.Implement the mine environmental recovery margin system
Nowadays,the weakcst part of mine cnvironmental manage-ment system is that we lack some effective means to restrain theholdcrs of mining rights to fulfil the obligations on minc cnviron-mental treatment.Therefore,the mine environmental recoverymargin system should be introduced for restoration and trcat-ment,geological disaster prevention after closing pit and mineclosure.
C.Establish mine environmenal impact assessment and envi-ronmental permit system
The mine environmental impact assessment is one kind ofthe basic measures on environmental management,and is moreand more popular in mining projects.No matter in developed countries or developing countries,the impact assessment hass-pecific requirements.For mining projects,the environmentalimpact assessment must include at least the aspects as follows:Influence of mine on natural environment,Influence of mine onlocal community,measures of eliminating or weakening negativeeffects and alternative plans of such measures.
The environmental permit license is not a common certficate,but a legally binding detalfile,and is also the promise made bythe mine enterpriselegal person to government and the public inenvironmental protection.Before project construction and devel-opment,the mining companies must obtain the environmentalpermit license by being evaluated in environmental impact andsubmitting the report.
References
[1]Xuewei Wu.“The necessity of mines environmental gover-nance and strategies in China,”Science &.Technology Informa-tion,vol 15,pp.147-148,April 2010
[2|Qiang Wu.“Study of classification of gcologic cnvironmentalproblems in mines in China,”Hydrogeology &Engineering Geol-ogy,vol 30,pp.107-112,May 2003
[3]Guanjun Wei(in Chinese).The mine environment protection,Bejing:Metallurgical Industry Press,1990
[4JJiannian Zeng.Mine safety and mine environment protection,Bcjing:The Geological Publishing House,1998
[5]Qi Chen.“Research of Treatment Technology of Mine Envi-ronment and Treatment Model,”Beijing:China University ofMining and Technology(Bcijing),2009
[6|Qixing Zhou,Yufeng Song(in Chinese),Remediation work prin-ciplc and mcthod,Bcijing:Scicnce prcss,2004
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